Caracterización de sistemas de lechería familiar y del componente nutrimental de vacas en producción de Ixtlahuacán de los Membrillos, Jalisco, México

Abstract

El Sistema de Lechería Familiar (SLF) en México prevalece como uno de los más importantes debido a la gran cantidad de población que lo compone, como en el caso de Ixtlahuacán de los Membrillos, Jalisco, México, en donde es una de sus principales actividades económicas, sin embargo, se desconocen las características productivas asociadas a los aspectos económicos y sociales. Por lo que el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo diagnosticar este sistema, conocer los componentes de la dieta de sus vacas y en particular del fósforo. El trabajo consistió en visitas de junio del 2014 a junio del 2015 a diferentes instituciones públicas del sector, organizaciones de productores y entrevistas a 21 ganaderos del lugar. Para su evaluación se utilizó estadística descriptiva en los indicadores productivos, análisis causal para conocer las relaciones del sistema y una caracterización de la composición química de los alimentos utilizados en las vacas en producción. Los resultados mostraron que la edad del productor es de 43 ± 23.7 años, tenencia de tierra 4.8 ± 4.5 ha, con 10.2 ± 6.9 vacas en ordeño del fenotipo Holstein, producción de 10.5 ± 5.9 L/vaca/día, ordeño manual y en el 43 % de los productores en una ocasión. El pastoreo lo realizan 14 de 21 productores, la alimentación no es balanceada y la aportación de P es de 45.4 ± 23.9 g/día en la dieta. El empadre es por monta natural, intervalo entre partos de 12.6 ± 0.8 meses, edad a primer parto de 2.6 ± 0.6 años, alta prevalencia de mastitis, piroplasmosis y problemas por moscas. El análisis de conglomerados crea tres grupos que reflejan homogeneidad en el municipio. El análisis cualitativo, basado en el diagrama causal, evidenció: deficiencias e incluso rupturas entre los actores políticos que intervienen en el sistema, provocando la falta de apoyo, incremento acelerado de población y de industria, propiciando competencia por recursos naturales y mano de obra, inexistencia de extensionismo y nula relación con instituciones académicas en donde la producción y comercialización de los productos generados es aceptada por la población, equilibrándolo sin ser el detonante de la actividad. Por las condiciones que enfrenta el SLF en el municipio, existe un decremento de la actividad y requiere acciones inmediatas con visión integral que impulsen este sistema y signifiquen un motor de cambio al sector.

Family System Dairy (SLF) in Mexico prevails as one of the most important due to the large population that composes it, as in the case of Ixtlahuacán of Membrillos, Jalisco, Mexico, where it is one of its main economic activities, however, productive characteristics associated with the economic and social aspects are unknown. So this projects aims to charecterize this system, to understand the components of the diet of the cows and in particular phosphorus. The work consisted of visits from June 2014 to June 2015 to various public sector institutions, producer organizations and interviews with 21 farmers of the place. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the production indicators, causal relationships to learn the system and a characterization of the chemical composition of foods used in dairy cows feeding, The results showed that the age of the producer is 43 ± 23.7 years, land tenure was 4.8 ± 4.5 ha, with 10.2 ± 6.9 milking cows of Holstein phenotype, milk production of 10.5 ± 5.9 L/cow/day, manual milking and only one milking in 43% of the farms. Grazing is carried out by 14 of 21 producers, diets are not balanced and the content of P was 45.4 ± 23.9 g P per cow per day was found in the diet. Breeding is by natural mating, calving interval of 12.6 ± 0.8 months, age at first calving of 2.6 ± 0.6 years, with high prevalence of mastitis, piroplasmosis and fly problems. Cluster analysis produced three groups that reflect uniformity in the municipality. The qualitative analysis, based on the causal diagram, showed: shortcomings and even ruptures between political actors in the system, causing a lack of support, rapid population growth and industry, fostering competition for natural resources and labor, lack of extension work and no relation to academic institutions, where the production and marketing of products is accepted by the population, balancing but failing to be the trigger for the activity. Due to the conditions facing the SLF in the municipality, there is a decrease in the dairy activity and requires immediate action to promote this integrated vision of the system and which can become an engine to promote changes in this sector.

Family System Dairy (SLF) in Mexico prevails as one of the most important due to the large population that composes it, as in the case of Ixtlahuacán of Membrillos, Jalisco, Mexico, where it is one of its main economic activities, however, productive characteristics associated with the economic and social aspects are unknown. So this projects aims to charecterize this system, to understand the components of the diet of the cows and in particular phosphorus. The work consisted of visits from June 2014 to June 2015 to various public sector institutions, producer organizations and interviews with 21 farmers of the place. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the production indicators, causal relationships to learn the system and a characterization of the chemical composition of foods used in dairy cows feeding, The results showed that the age of the producer is 43 ± 23.7 years, land tenure was 4.8 ± 4.5 ha, with 10.2 ± 6.9 milking cows of Holstein phenotype, milk production of 10.5 ± 5.9 L/cow/day, manual milking and only one milking in 43% of the farms. Grazing is carried out by 14 of 21 producers, diets are not balanced and the content of P was 45.4 ± 23.9 g P per cow per day was found in the diet. Breeding is by natural mating, calving interval of 12.6 ± 0.8 months, age at first calving of 2.6 ± 0.6 years, with high prevalence of mastitis, piroplasmosis and fly problems. Cluster analysis produced three groups that reflect uniformity in the municipality. The qualitative analysis, based on the causal diagram, showed: shortcomings and even ruptures between political actors in the system, causing a lack of support, rapid population growth and industry, fostering competition for natural resources and labor, lack of extension work and no relation to academic institutions, where the production and marketing of products is accepted by the population, balancing but failing to be the trigger for the activity. Due to the conditions facing the SLF in the municipality, there is a decrease in the dairy activity and requires immediate action to promote this integrated vision of the system and which can become an engine to promote changes in this sector.